| Neuromuscular junction | |
|---|---|
| Electron micrograph showing a cross section through the neuromuscular junction. T is the axon terminal, M is the muscle fiber. The arrow shows junctional folds with basal lamina. Postsynaptic densities are visible on the tips between the folds. Scale is 0.3 µm. Source: NIMH | |
| Detailed view of a neuromuscular junction: 1. Presynaptic terminal 2. Sarcolemma 3. Synaptic vesicle 4. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor 5. Mitochondrion |
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| Latin | synapsis neuromuscularis; junctio neuromuscularis |
| Code | TH H2.00.06.1.02001 |
A neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the synapse or junction of the axon terminal of a motor neuron with the motor end plate, the highly-excitable region of muscle fiber plasma membrane responsible for initiation of action potentials across the muscle's surface, ultimately causing the muscle to contract. In vertebrates, the signal passes through the neuromuscular junction via the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
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The neuromuscular junction is the location where the neuron activates muscle to contract. This is a step in the excitation-contraction coupling of skeletal muscle.
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter synthesized in the human body from dietary choline and acetyl-CoA (ACoA). One of the first neurotransmitters discovered, the substance was originally referred to as "vagusstoff" because it was found to be released by the stimulation of the vagus nerve. Later, it was established that acetylcholine is, in fact, important in the stimulation of all muscle tissue and that its action may be either excitatory or inhibitory, depending on a number of factors. Within the body, the synaptic action of acetylcholine usually quickly comes to a halt, the neurotransmitter naturally breaking down soon after its release. However, some nerve gases are designed to thwart this breakdown, causing prolonged stimulation of the receptor cells and resulting in severe muscle spasms.
The complex series of steps leading to the formation of the neuromuscular junction during embryonic development are only partially understood.
During development, the growing end of motor neuron axons secrete a protein known as agrin.
This protein binds to several receptors on the surface of skeletal muscle.
The receptor which seems to be required for formation of the neuromuscular junction is the MuSK protein (Muscle specific kinase).[2]
MuSK is a receptor tyrosine kinase - meaning that it induces cellular signaling by causing the release of phosphate molecules to particular tyrosines on itself, and on proteins which bind the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor.[3]
Upon activation by its ligand agrin, MuSK signals via two proteins called "Dok-7" and "rapsyn", to induce "clustering" of acetylcholine receptors (AChR).[4]
In addition to the AChR and MuSK, other proteins are then gathered, to form the endplate to the neuromuscular junction. The nerve terminates onto the endplate, forming the NMJ.
These findings were demonstrated in part by mouse "knockout" studies. In mice which are deficient for either agrin or MuSK, the neuromuscular junction does not form. Further, mice deficient in Dok-7 did not form either acetylcholine receptor clusters or neuromuscular synapses.[5]
Many other proteins also comprise the NMJ, and are required to maintain its integrity.[6]
A block or decrease in the transmission across the neuromuscular junction can cause a complete or relative loss of muscle function. It can result from neuromuscular junction diseases or be intentionally induced with neuromuscular blocking drugs. It can also be a side effect of other drugs that are generally not classified as neuromuscular blocking drugs, such as some anesthetic drugs.[7]
The degree of neuromuscular block may be estimated by Bromage score, which originally had four grades designate with the Roman numerals I until IV, but later complemented by Breen et al with an inverse grading with Hindu-Arabic numerals:[7]
| Bromage score[7] | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Grade | Criteria | Approximate degree of block |
|
| IV | 1 | Complete block, inability to move feet or knees | 100% |
| III | 2 | Almost complete block, ability to move feet only, with inability to flex knees | 66% |
| II | 3 | Partial block, ability to flex knees | 33% |
| 4 | Detectable weakness of hip flexion while supine, ability of full flexion of knees | ||
| 5 | No detectable weakness of hip flexion while supine | ||
| I | 6 | Free movement of legs and feet, ability to perform partial knee bend | 0% |
In unconscious patients, such as during anesthesia, neural block can be assessed by a "train-of-four" by stimulating musclesfrom surface electrodes.
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